ABSTRACT
Background: Osteoporosis behaves as a silent killer. Therefore, a high percentage of the affected people are not aware they have this chronic condition. In this way, the burden of osteoporosis is the burden of its clinical outcome: osteoporotic fractures, which are generally characterized by low-trauma fractures resulting from low bone mineral density (BMD). Objectives: The present study aimed to assess BMD distribution among urban and rural subjects and its relationship with key foods.Material & Methods:In this study, a total of 140 subjects were studied from the study BMD lab of the study hospital. Data were analyzed using Mean, SD, % and correlation by SPSS 24.Results:Mean盨D value of age (yr), BMI, WHR, Lumber-T score, Lumber-BMD, Right Femur -T score, Right Femur-BMD, Left Femur-T score, Left Femur-BMD, Supplementation of the study participants were 54�, 25� 1.0�25, -1.0�0, 1.0�2, -1� 1�2, -1� 1�15.Age (yrs), BMI, waist (cm), hip (cm), WHR, Lumber T-score, Lumber Z-score, Lumber BMD (g/cm�), Rt. Fem Neck T-score,Rt. Fem Neck Z-score, Rt. Fem Neck BMD (g/cm�), Lt. Fem Neck T-score,Lt. Fem Neck Z-score, Lt. Fem Neck BMD (g/cm�) of the urban study participants were 51�, 30� 88�, 95�, 1�, -1.6�6, -1�6, 0.9�2, -0.9�3, -0.2�9, 0.9�2, -1�2, -0.3� 0.8�1 respectively and for rural participants the values were 54�, 25�5, 86� 92�, 1�2, -2.4�5, 0.8�2, -1.5�3, -0.6� 0.7�2, -1.6�2, -0.7�and 0.8�respectively. About 48.18% rural subjects had osteoporosis, 34.54% had osteopenia and 17.27% had normal bone health. Again, 28.57% of the urban subjects had osteoporosis, 41.40% had osteopenia and 30% had normal bone density. Fish, egg and meat were associated with BMD. Fish intake had a positive association with lumber T score (r=0.194, p=0.009), LumZ (r=0.016, p=0.031), Lumber BMD (r=0.183, p=0.014). Milk intake has positive association with Lumber t and Lumber BMD (p=0.027, 0.049). Similarly, egg intake has positive association with Lumber BMD, Rt BMD, Lt BMD (p= 0.035, 0.01, 0.019).Conclusions:Nearly 48.18% rural subjects have osteoporosis, 34.54% have osteopenia and 17.27% have normal bone health. Again, 28.57% urban subjects have osteoporosis, 41.40% have osteopenia and 30% have normal bone density. The prevalence of osteoporosis is higher in rural area than urban peopleand osteopenia is higher in urban area than rural area. Fish, milk and egg consumption positivelyassociated with BMD.
ABSTRACT
Background: Proof of a circadian rhythm in the occurrence of cerebral infarction and other types of stroke might provide clues to factors which immediately precipitate these events, which in turn might lead to more rational treatments. The aims of the current study were to find out the circadian variation of stroke onset and to determine the risk factors related to circadian variation.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh from July to December 2014 among 67 diagnosed cases of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke of first attack. Times of onset of stroke and wake-sleep state were recorded.Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 62.1 years, 64.2% were male. Among them, 59.7% had an ischemic stroke and 40.3% had a hemorrhagic stroke. The occurrence of stroke was most common during 6 am to 12 pm (47.8%), followed by 12 am to 6 am (25.4%), 12 pm to 6 pm (17.9%), and 6 pm to 12 am (9.0%). Circadian variation of stroke was homogenous and statistically insignificant in association with age group when categorized as below 65 years and 65 years or above years, sex, smoking habit, and presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and dyslipidemia. But hypertension and ischemic heart disease (IHD) were significantly associated with circadian variation of stroke. The occurrence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke was most common from 6 am to 12 pm (47.5% and 48.1%) respectively. When considered separately, significant circadian variation noted for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic strokes were also noted.Conclusions: The study contributes further evidence for the circadian variation in the occurrence of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Attempts to prevent their occurrence must take into account this circadian variation.
ABSTRACT
Background: 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene was isolated from roots of Laportea crenulata Gaud (Urticaceae) as a new triterpenoid and its antifungal activities was evaluated against a number of fungi where moderate antifungal activities were reported. However, no toxicological study has yet been carried out. Objective: The sub-acute toxicity of 2α,3β,21β,23,28-penta hydroxyl 12-oleanene was studied on albino mice. Methods: The triterpenoid was administered on intraperitoneal route at 300 μg per mouse (20-27g) daily for 14 consecutive days. The studies included the determination of changes in body weight, hematological profiles (total count of red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet, differential count of white blood cell, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hemoglobin percentage), and biochemical parameters of blood (serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, creatinine, and urea) as well as histopathology of the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Result: The changes in body weight, hematological, and biochemical parameters were statistically not significant when compared to control group mice. Histopathologically no abnormality was found on liver, kidney, heart, and lung of experimental group mice after treatment when compared to that of control group mice. Conclusion: In sub-acute toxicity studies, the triterpenoid was found to be nontoxic. We suggest further studies such as chronic toxicological studies as well as route selection experiments.